名古屋大学PhD登龍門研修「ウランバートルの環境調査」
モンゴルの首都ウランバートルでは冬の大気汚染が深刻である。ゲル（移動式住居）の暖房用ストーブ、自動車、石炭火力発電所からの排気が主要な要因である。
PhD登龍門プログラムの研修として、名古屋大学とモンゴルの大学生がグループとなり、市内と市外の雪を化学分析して大気汚染の実態を明らかにし、さらに諸機関での面接に基づき、大気汚染軽減へ向けた新たな提案を行ってきた。
2014年から2018年まで毎年初春の時期に実施し、さらにコロナ後の2023年に数年ぶりの調査を行った。
Research report Environmental Assessment in
Ulaanbaatar
1.Overview of the field work in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018.
2.Result of the field work in 2023. à Link
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.Overview of the field works in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018
Overseas training
for students of PhD professional: Gateway to Success in Frontier Asia, Program
for Leading Graduate Schools in Nagoya University
Study in
Mongolia; Environmental Assessment in Ulaanbaatar
Education program
in graduate students across the borders of disciplines
By Nagoya University, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, and
National University of Mongolia
要旨：リーディングプログラム「PhDプロフェッショナル」で行っている春の研修「モンゴル，ウランバートルにおける環境研修」を紹介した。昨今ウランバートルの冬季の大気汚染が深刻となっている。そこで名古屋大学院生とモンゴルの大学院生により，その実態調査を汚染雪試料の化学分析から行う。さらに関連する機関や会社を訪問し，環境対策の現状を調査する。これらに基づき，環境対策として今後何を行ったらよいかを提言する。短期的視点，長期的視点，技術的な改善，政策的内容等々，グループ内自由な発想で議論する。これは自然科学と社会科学の融合する新たな研修教育スタイルである。
1.
Introduction, Background and Target
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. Over the last two decades, the free
market and democratic process have brought great changes to Mongolia.
Mongolia’s vast territory has rich mineral deposits. Because of a boom in the mining sector, Mongolia has high growth rates in last decade. As a result of rapid economic development, air pollution is a serious problem in Ulaanbaatar, especially in winter. Concentrations of certain types of particulate matter (PM10) regularly exceed WHO recommended maximum levels by more than a dozen times. They also exceed the concentrations measured in northern Chinese industrial cities. During the winter months, smoke regularly obscures vision and can even lead to problems with air traffic.
Sources of the pollution are mainly the simple stoves used for heating and cooking in the city's yurt quarters, but also the local power plants (fueled on coal). The problem is compounded by Ulaanbaatar's location in the valley between relatively high mountains, which shield the city from the winter winds and thus obstruct air circulation.
In PhD Professional course, Nagoya University graduate students and Mongolian graduate students have analyzed pollution materials quantitatively in every early spring in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. In addition, they had some chance to take lectures by environmental and legal experts. Then they have discussed how to solve this environment problem.
Students' analytical data and discussion may contribute to environment policy in Ulaanbaatar.
---------------
Key points in this study
The graduate students from Nagoya University, Mongolian University of Science and Technology and National University of Mongolia
(1) analyze polluted snow samples to know degree of pollution quantitatively, which relates to polluted air, and
(2) show proposal on how to solve this environmental problem.
⇒ the integration of social science research techniques into technical geological science investigations
---------------
2
Outline of the training
2.1 Participants
Most students are first grade of the master courses. Generally, eight students of Nagoya University and eight Mongolian students have participated every year and they were divided into 4 groups. For grouping, nationalities, specialties and female or male of the students are considered. Therefore, each group has characteristic across the borders of disciplines.
2.2 Flow of the training
This study has been performed in about ten days from the end of February to early March every year. The training has three steps as follows.
First step is field surveys. The students have been divided into four groups and have collected snow samples. Second step is chemical analyses of melted snow with a use of Ion Chromatography. Polluted material solid parts are examined under SEM-EDS. The students can understand pollution in Ulaanbaatar in the view of natural sciences. They visit some organization and factories for adding view of social sciences.
As a result, students can interpret present states of pollution of Ulaanbaatar based on their analytical data and their interviews. Finally, they proposed to solve the environmental problems in Mongolia.
2.3 Field and laboratory works
Snow sample at Manzushir, north of Zuunmod City. These samples are thought to be unaffected or weakly affected by air pollution of Ulaanbaatar due to Mt. Bogd wall.
Many polluted samples are collected in the city area of Ulaanbaatar and are compared with sample of Manzushir.
Laboratory works are as follows. First, filtering is done to separate particles from snow melt. Second, particles are analyzed under the electron microscope. Third, liquid parts are analyzed with the chemical analytical tools.
Sampling localities are divided into North area, West area, South area and East area. North area is generally gel district. West area is Industry area and gel district. South area is center of the city. East area is partly protected area zone for keeping drinking water.
2.4 Other menu in the training
Students have chance to visit offices on environment policy and factories on environment technology during the training. The followings are visit sites in this program, Wind Power Station, Solar Power Station, Capacity Development Project for Air Pollution Control, Eco-bus factory, Fresh Water Resource and Nature Conservation Center, and the school with use of geothermal energy.
3.
Chemical analytical results
The samples were collected at 84 localities in 2014, 54 in 2015, 67
in 2016, and 81 in 2017, and 51 in 2018.
A total of 10 ion complexes are analyzed. Generally, snow samples contain significant amount (ppm) of NH4 (around 10, up to 40), SO4 (around150, up to 550) and NO3 (around 15, up to 30).
3.1 Comparison with the baseline (upper limit) of drinking water in city area
In 2014, about 10 % of the locations show more than 10 ppm in NO3 (nitric acid ion), which is one of upper limit of the baseline on drinking water in Japan.
In 2015, one-fourth is over 10 ppm.
In 2016, about 9 % of the sample locations show more than 10 ppm in NO3. In 2017, about 20 % of the locations show more than 10 ppm in NO3.
In anion species, NO3 (nitric acid ion) and SO4 (sulfuric acid ion) show a positive correlation. Cation Ca ion and anion Cl ion are also a positive correlation.
3.2 Areal variations
At Manzushir, north of Zuunmod City, where the air pollution of Ulaanbaatar may be escaped due to the high wall of the mountains. As a result, effect of air pollution from Ulaanbaatar is weak and variation in one winter season is not visible (Table 1).
---------------------------
Table 1 Ion data of samples in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 at Manzushir, north of Zuunmod (ppm)
第1表 ゾーモッドの北、マンズシリーにおける雪試料の組成（ここは郊外で汚染の少ない地域）
|
No. |
Sampling date |
Na+ |
NH4+ |
K+ |
Mg2+ |
Ca2+ |
Cl- |
NO3- |
SO42- |
|
1-0-1 |
2014/03/03 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
4.7 |
0.6 |
1.4 |
8.5 |
|
2-0-1 |
2014/03/03 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
4.5 |
0.6 |
1.8 |
8.8 |
|
4-0 |
2015/02/28 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
2.3 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
3.6 |
|
2-0 |
2015/02/28 |
0.5 |
0.0 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
3.1 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
3.3 |
|
T-1-0 |
2016/02/28 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
n.a. |
0.3 |
1.9 |
0.4 |
0.9 |
5.3 |
|
16-2-0-2 |
2016/02/28 |
na |
na |
n.a. |
na |
na |
1.2 |
1.4 |
10.9 |
|
161130-1 |
2016/11/30 |
2.2 |
0.8 |
29.9 |
0.0 |
0.8 |
24.9 |
0.4 |
1.9 |
|
170207-01 |
2017/02/07 |
1.0 |
nd |
nd |
nd |
nd |
0.4 |
1.0 |
43.8 |
|
G1-0_manz |
2017/03/04 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
1.8 |
0.3 |
1.2 |
.4 |
|
A-24-1 |
2018/02/24 |
1.3 |
0.2 |
6.6 |
0.1 |
2.2 |
7.3 |
0.8 |
4.5 |
|
T3-2-L-0 |
2018/02/24 |
0.5 |
0.2 |
49.5 |
0.2 |
1.9 |
47.8 |
0.8 |
3.4 |
|
MOE,
Japan |
Upper
limit of drinking water |
50 |
|
|
300 |
300 |
200 |
10 |
|
-------------------------
As results in City Area, data near Forth Power Station are shown (Table 2). Ion contents in the city area are generally more than in outside of City (Manzushir).
-----------------------
Table 2 Ion data of samples in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018 at the IV (fourth) Power Plant (ppm)
第2表 第四火力発電所付近の雪試料の組成（ここは市内で大気汚染が著しい地域）
|
No. |
Date |
Na+ |
NH4+ |
K+ |
Mg2+ |
Ca2+ |
Cl- |
NO3- |
SO42- |
|
1-2-5 |
2014/3/5 |
29.5 |
>7.66 |
3.9 |
3.5 |
59.1 |
19.4 |
4.9 |
139.2 |
|
3-2 |
2015/3/1 |
42.3 |
8.6 |
6.0 |
11.8 |
161.3 |
55.9 |
19.1 |
356.5 |
|
T-1-5 |
2016/2/29 |
14.9 |
3.8 |
1.4 |
5.1 |
51.3 |
14.9 |
6.9 |
125.6 |
|
G3-3 |
2017/03/05 |
3.4 |
2.0 |
0.4 |
0.9 |
14.6 |
4.7 |
2.4 |
25.0 |
|
T3-2-L-2 |
2018/02/25 |
25.3 |
3.6 |
2.1 |
3.7 |
39.8 |
38.9 |
7.6 |
66.6 |
|
MOE,
Japan |
Upper
limit of drinking water |
50 |
|
|
300 |
300 |
200 |
10 |
|
*Analyzed with Ion Chromatography in Field
Research Center
-----------------------
For knowing areal variation, low area in the city, foot of the hill and top of the hill in west area are investigated (Table 3 and Table 4). Generally, snow melt of these area is over the baseline of drinking water, but top or near top of the hill show quite clean ion contents. Smog in the gel district may cumulate in low land area.
-----------------------
Table 3 Ion data of samples from high altitude point in the ger area (3-13) and points of city area (3-7, 3-12) on March 1, 2015 (ppm)
第3表 ゲル地区で高度の差による雪試料組成の違い（高度の高い地域で含有イオン量が少ない）
|
No. |
Location |
Na+ |
NH4+ |
K+ |
Mg2+ |
Ca2+ |
Cl- |
NO3- |
SO42- |
|
3-7 |
No. 2
Power Plant |
54.9 |
11.4 |
10.8 |
16.4 |
140.3 |
80.3 |
26.5 |
308.1 |
|
3-12 |
91st Kindergarten |
179.8 |
21.3 |
16.5 |
25.5 |
290.5 |
272.1 |
46.5 |
640.8 |
|
3-13 |
Highland
in ger area |
1.7 |
3.1 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
18.8 |
2.4 |
1.6 |
26.9 |
|
MOE,
Japan |
Upper
limit of drinking water |
50 |
|
|
300 |
300 |
200 |
10 |
|
Table 4 Comparison between high altitude ger area points and points of city area (G3-5, 6) on March 5, 2017
第4表 市内で高度の差による雪試料組成の違い（高度の高い地域で含有イオン量が少ない）
|
No. |
Location |
Na+ |
NH4+ |
K+ |
Mg2+ |
Ca2+ |
Cl- |
NO3- |
SO42- |
|
G3-5 |
hospital 21, 1278m |
13.8 |
7.2 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
25.9 |
18.8 |
3.4 |
61.3 |
|
G3-6 |
ger district well 202, 1303m |
13.7 |
18.1 |
1.9 |
4.1 |
65.1 |
20.8 |
6.1 |
177.4 |
|
G3-7 |
ger district well 180, 1382m |
11.5 |
8.2 |
1.1 |
3.2 |
52.0 |
17.3 |
5.1 |
118.1 |
|
G3-8 |
Top of the mountain1429m |
0.7 |
3.9 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
5.3 |
1.3 |
2.7 |
16.9 |
|
MOE, Japan |
Upper limit of drinking water |
50 |
|
|
300 |
300 |
200 |
10 |
|
*Analyzed with Ion Chromatography in Field
Research Center
3.3 Variation in one season
In order to know variation in one season, reference points, Manzuhir (Table 5), Zaisan (Table 6), Power Plant 3 (Table 7) and bus stop north of TV tower (Table 8), are surveyed a few times in one winter season.
In Manzushir, ph is higher than in Ulaanbaatar city area. Ion species show low value. As the above mentioned, variation of data in one season is not clear and effect of pollution from Ulaanbaatar is quite few.
In city area, shown in Table 6-8, ion contents show low value in beginning of winter and become high values in middle to late of winter season.
-------------------------
Table 5 Comparison of chemical data in one season at Manzushir
第5表 マンズシリーにおける1シーズン内の雪試料組成の変化（場所は郊外で汚染が少なく、シーズン内の変化は少ない）
|
Date |
memo |
pH |
EC |
Na+ |
NH4+ |
K+ |
Mg2+ |
Ca2+ |
Cl- |
NO3- |
SO42- |
|
161130-1 |
|
8.09 |
|
2.2 |
0.8 |
29.9 |
0.0 |
0.8 |
24.9 |
0.4 |
1.9 |
|
170207-01 |
|
7.28 |
|
1.0 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
0.4 |
1.0 |
3.8 |
|
170304 |
G |
7.35 |
2.1 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
1.8 |
0.3 |
1.2 |
4.4 |
Table 6 Comparison of chemical data in one season at Zaisan
第5表 ザイサンにおける1シーズン内の雪試料組成の変化（場所は市内で、大気汚染がありシーズン後半で汚染を示すイオン量が多くなる）
|
Date |
memo |
pH |
EC |
Na+ |
NH4+ |
K+ |
Mg2+ |
Ca2+ |
Cl- |
NO3- |
SO42- |
|
161201-2 |
|
6.45 |
|
0.9 |
1.6 |
12.0 |
0.1 |
2.8 |
10.7 |
1.5 |
7.7 |
|
170205-01 |
|
7.08 |
|
19.0 |
5.5 |
1.8 |
1.0 |
13.7 |
28.7 |
2.8 |
43.8 |
|
170216 |
F4-004 |
6.37 |
23.8 |
17.0 |
3.7 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
18.5 |
26.0 |
3.8 |
52.1 |
|
170305 |
G4no.209 |
5.94 |
0.4 |
19.5 |
10.6 |
2.4 |
3.8 |
42.1 |
29.8 |
12.0 |
126.9 |
Table 7 Comparison of chemical data in one season at Plant 3
第7表 第三火力発電所における1シーズン内の雪試料組成の変化（場所は市内、大気汚染がありシーズン後半で汚染を示すイオン量が多くなる）
|
Date |
memo |
pH |
EC |
Na+ |
NH4+ |
K+ |
Mg2+ |
Ca2+ |
Cl- |
NO3- |
SO42- |
|
161130-2 |
|
6.5 |
|
2.3 |
3.6 |
34.9 |
3.0 |
29.6 |
28.8 |
3.1 |
84.1 |
|
170205-02 |
|
5.72 |
|
36.1 |
11.4 |
3.4 |
10.9 |
84.4 |
50.7 |
7.9 |
266.4 |
|
F4-009 |
6.7 |
50.1 |
31.4 |
7.5 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
37.5 |
47.8 |
5.6 |
85.1 |
|
|
170305 |
G4no.206 |
6.76 |
28.9 |
60.1 |
7.4 |
5.1 |
4.0 |
52.2 |
89.1 |
7.2 |
130.7 |
Table 8 Comparison of chemical data in one season at TV tower
第8表 テレビ塔そばにおける1シーズン内の雪試料組成の変化（場所は市内、大気汚染がありシーズン後半で汚染を示すイオン量が多くなる）
|
Date |
memo |
pH |
EC |
Na+ |
NH4+ |
K+ |
Mg2+ |
Ca2+ |
Cl- |
NO3- |
SO42- |
|
161205-1 |
|
7.08 |
|
1.5 |
4.2 |
27.6 |
0.2 |
4.4 |
23.8 |
1.3 |
17.5 |
|
170205-03 |
|
6.33 |
|
27.7 |
10.7 |
3.2 |
1.8 |
26.4 |
40.5 |
2.9 |
98.4 |
|
F_TVtower |
6.92 |
102.3 |
98.3 |
18.6 |
3.2 |
6.9 |
107.4 |
143.7 |
6.6 |
275.5 |
|
|
170305 |
G1-11 |
6.25 |
57.1 |
24.0 |
19.7 |
3.3 |
3.6 |
47.4 |
34.6 |
5.1 |
154.6 |
-------------------------
4.
Discussion
・NO3 is beyond the baseline at many
locations, but 10 to 20 % of the sampling points show over baseline of drinking
water.
・SO4 and NO3 show a positive correlation. According to Albanese and Cicchella (2012), NOx and SOx are thought to be mostly originated from burning coal.
・Effect of air pollution is little in the high altitude area.
・In the area outside of Ulaanbaatar (Manzushir), melt of snow shows chemicals under the baseline of drinking water. Fortunately, it is concluded that using snow as drinking water is no matter for health in the countryside.
--------------------------
Reference
Albanese, S. and Cicchella, D. (2012): Legacy Problems in Urban Geochemistry. Elements, vol. 8, p.423-428.
--------------------------
5.
Proposals by students
The students show some proposals to improve environment in polluted
Ulaanbaatar.
5.1 From Proposals in the presentation in 2014
*Distributing information and Life habit
It is necessary to make people aware how dangerous the pollution to their health and tell them what to do to protect their health by themselves.
It might be effective to wash hands and rinse mouse after coming back home or wear masks to decrease the influence of the pollution on our health.
5.2 From Proposals in the presentation in 2015
*Solar energy, Wind energy and Environmental Education
The government could promote green energy projects, such as solar energy or wind energy. The government should immediately pass on laws to limit the use of raw coals. The government must increase their law enforcement forces and education their citizens.
As a short-term approach, we suggest to plant trees in city.
For long term approach, first, we can improve the environmental education, and we suggest to decentralization of Ulaanbaatar.
5.3 From Proposals in the presentation in 2016
*Eco-stove
First suggestion in short term is to change old type stove to environmental type. Second suggestion in short term is to use new environmental heating machine. By using it, power usage as well as air pollution can be reduced by four times.
*Urban Planning
First suggestion in long term is to establish national research institute for environmental policy. Second suggestion in long term is, Land Management and Urban Planning.
*Filter for chimney in a ger
Firstly for the solution of coal burning in ger district, a filter for chimney and public apartments would be effective. The merits of the filter are that the price is cheap, we can introduce easily and quickly, and we can expect a high level of effectiveness. On the other hand, public apartment would be a long-term solution because it takes a lot of time and money to make apartments and move ger population to those new residences.
*New capital
We propose a possible candidate city for the new governmental capital, Baganuur, a small city near Herlen River, which already has some basic infrastructure because of the famous coalmine
5.4 From Proposals in the presentation in 2017
*Filtered mask and Eco-chimney
As short-term solution filtered mask is proposed. This mask is specialized design and is strongly air filtered. A person needs 11,000 MNT/month. As long-term solution, eco-chimney is proposed. This chimney has filter system with electrical control. Detail structure is designed by a student in School of Engineering.
*Biogas
One group proposed a use of biogas. This group focused on collection from only the ten provinces near Ulaanbaatar. A biogas plant supplies electrics and gas. As a result, pollution will reduce.
6
Epilogue
Gill (2017) presents the role of geology in the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) and highlights development of supporting skills in
education. The education requires
skills of cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary.
It also necessitates the integration of a wide array of social science research techniques into technical geology investigations.
In viewpoints of Gill (2017), our educational program may be one trial of developing skills and practice towards some of SDGs.
----------------------------
Reference
Gill, J. C. (2017) Geology and the Sustainable Development Goals. Episodes, vol. 40, p. 70-76.
----------------------------
Result of the field work in 2023
“Study in Mongolia, 2023; Environmental
Assessment in Ulaanbaatar”
Background:
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. Over the last three decades, the free market and democratic process have brought great changes to Mongolia.
Mongolia’s vast territory has rich mineral deposits. Because of a boom in the mining sector, Mongolia has high growth rates in last decade. As a result of rapid economic development, the environments, such as air pollution in the city area and desertification in all territory are serious problems.
This study is concentrated into Ulaanbaatar's air pollution. Air pollution is a serious problem in Ulaanbaatar, especially in winter. Sources of the pollution in the city area are mainly the simple stoves used for heating and cooking in the yurt quarters and the local power plants (fueled on coal). The problem is compounded by Ulaanbaatar's location in the valley between relatively high mountains, which shield the city from the winter winds and thus obstruct air circulation.
Targets in the study:
Our program's target is fusion of humanities and sciences, that is all-round type program. (1) Analyses; Cooperative teams of Nagoya University and Mongolian graduate and undergraduate students will analyze pollution materials for selected points and know air pollution quantitatively. (2) Visiting; we have some lectures by environmental and legal experts and visit projects of energy and environment. Interviews to citizens may be also useful. (3) Discussion; We will discuss how to solve the environment problems based chemical analyses and information from lectures and interviews.
Schedule:
・1/30 Mon: Opening at Nagoya University
Mongolia office, Fresh Water Nature Conservation Center, Zaisan
Hill
・1/31Tues: Zuumod, Manzushir, The 3rd power plant
・2/1 Wed: Wind Power Plant, MUST Geological Museum, NUM (NU Japanese Law Research Center)
・2/2 Thu: JICA Mongolia office, MDX Khan Lex/ Analyses, Group work
・2/3 Fri: Group work (survey), Pre-presentation (title, flamework, keywords)
・2/4 Sat: Group work, Presentation on group work, Special lecture
Analysis of snow samples:
|
Chemical
data of snow samples (melt) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
Date |
Jan
30, 2023 |
Jan
30, 2023 |
Jan
30, 2023 |
Jan
31, 2023 |
Jan
31, 2023 |
Jan
31, 2023 |
Feb 1,
2023 |
Feb
1, 2023 |
Feb
3, 2023 |
Feb
3, 2023 |
|
|||||||
|
No. |
2301 |
2302 |
2303 |
2304 |
2305 |
2306 |
2307 |
2308 |
2309 |
2310 |
|
|||||||
|
Location
name |
NU
office |
FWRNC |
Zaisan hill |
MUST |
Manzushir |
3rd
Plant |
East
of UB |
Wind
power |
Ger
area |
Boiler
system |
|
|||||||
|
degree
minute |
degree
minute |
degree
minute |
degree
minute |
degree
minute |
degree
minute |
degree
minute |
degree
minute |
degree
minute |
degree
minute |
|
||||||||
|
Longitude |
E106_55.177 |
E106_54.600 |
E106_54.358 |
E106_55.423 |
E106_59.713 |
E106_52.544 |
E107_13.130 |
E107_11.285 |
E107_02.008 |
E107_02.020 |
|
|||||||
|
Latitude |
N47_54.887 |
N47_53.133 |
N47_53.105 |
N47_55.330 |
N47_45.537 |
N47_53.609 |
N47_47.479 |
N47_34.574 |
N47_55.368 |
N47_55.179 |
|
|||||||
|
A
group |
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
pH |
7.0 |
7.1 |
7.0 |
6.8 |
7.1 |
6.8 |
7.7 |
7.5 |
7.0 |
6.3 |
|
|||||||
|
EC (µS/cm) |
365 |
139 |
98 |
400 |
19 |
413 |
50 |
34 |
161 |
720 |
|
|||||||
|
Ca
ion (ppm) |
53 |
29 |
27 |
92 |
7 |
56 |
18 |
11 |
32 |
32 |
|
|||||||
|
NO3
ion (ppm) |
11 |
6 |
6 |
22 |
3 |
21 |
8 |
4 |
8 |
36 |
|
|||||||
|
B
group |
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
pH |
6.7 |
6.9 |
5.6 |
6.6 |
6.6 |
6.8 |
7.7 |
7.8 |
|
|||||||||
|
EC
(µS/cm) |
377 |
159 |
143 |
295 |
27 |
180 |
60 |
22 |
|
|||||||||
|
Ca
ion (ppm) |
50 |
25 |
35 |
56 |
7 |
29 |
18 |
9 |
|
|||||||||
|
NO3
ion (ppm) |
9 |
7 |
5 |
12 |
4 |
13 |
5 |
5 |
|
|||||||||
*Analyzed with HORIBA LAQUAtwin
(compact analysis meter)
To solve the air pollution, the following proposals were presented (title of presentation).
Group A: The ways to decrease air pollution of the Ulaanbaatar City
The overing a whole gel for protecting cold air, an electric stove, and “environment” tax are discussed. In addition, it is pointed that improved coals sometimes cause health problem such as headache.
Group B: Eco-driving campaign in Ulaanbaatar
Eco-driving is recommended to decrease air pollution from cars. This proposal would be practiced by advertisement and campaign in some medias.
----------------------------
名古屋大学PhD登龍門モンゴル研修履修生の最終発表骨子 (2023年2月4日)
Aグループ
発表題目：The way to decrease air pollution of the Ulaanbaatar City
骨子：大気汚染をテーマに取り組んだ。ゲルの生活様式が都心部のアパート とは全く異なるため，なるべくゲルの住民の生活様式を崩さないような対策が必要であると感じていた。学生だけのグループ行動では実際に住民から話を伺わせていただいた。ゲルの人が今の生活を続けながらガス排出を減らすための方法を議論し，(1)ゲルを覆う布の枚数を増やすような支援の提案， (2)電気ストーブの使用の促進，(3) (1)と(2)のための資金のための増税（環境税）とその根拠となるモデル案を提案した。今回行った雪の分析結果は大気汚染の現状を示す根拠となる。なお，インタビューを通じ，改良燃料の燃やし始めは黒い煙が出て咳が出るという。頭が痛くなるとのことである。
教員コメント：石炭の改良だけでなく，ストーブの改良も必要。従来から完全燃焼型ストーブが開発されているが，普及していないようだ。
Bグループ
発表題目：Eco-driving campaign in UB
骨子：大気汚染源の一つである自動車の排気ガス低減のため，は「ウランバートル市におけるエコドライブの普及」を最終発表のテーマ とした。自主研修の際に近隣の学校を訪問し，多く の教員や学生へインタビューを行ったが，殆どの人が環境問題についてよく理解している一方，それに対する施策への関心が低い傾向にあることを知った。環境問題に対する当事者意識の向上が本質的に重要であると考えた。提言として，日本を含む様々な国で既に実施されているエコドライブのキャンペーンをモンゴル国でも実施し，特に種々のインセンティブや制度を設けることで国民の意識向上に繋げることをあげる。
教員コメント：この研修プログラム始まりのころは，大気汚染の深刻さが理解されていなかった。手洗いやマスク着用をいかに習慣づけるかが課題であった。現在は十分理解されている。加えて，当時は車優先で青信号でも横断歩道を渡るのは至難で，モンゴル人と横並びで渡った。現在は，大きく改善され，車が横断歩道で停止，名古屋より交通マナーが良いとすら感じた。これらの変化の事実から，時間をかければ環境問題の当事者意識向上やエコドライブが実現すると感じた。